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Concrete Mix Design The main components of concrete include cement, sand and stone. And the water and the adjectors are helpful to them. Cement is the bonding agent in the language of engineering. Bali is fine aggregate and stone is of course aggregate. Reacting with water cement, cement + sand + stone has a thickness of element. The whole material becomes solid like stones. But are they like mixing ?? Does not go. Concrete power depends on the ratio of cement, sand, stone, water, and adimator. We speak cement: sand: stone in general language. Such as 1: 2: 3 or 1: 1.5: 3 or 1: 2: 4. But this ratio is not everything. Cement-water ratio is an important issue. The mixture of different size stones in the stone is also very important. For example, if all the stones are 20 mile size, then it will not be good. The smaller size should be smaller than the middle of the stone. That's why a word is associated with stone size. It is "down grade". That means smaller stones than this

Concrete 1) What is concrete Answer Cement, sand, khoya are the concrete form made in combination of water in a certain proportion to concrete. The pressure of such concrete can be more tolerant. So where concrete is used to tolerate more pressure. For example bed block, gravity, retreating wall and arch etc. 2) Why is concrete very popular in the construction of the building Answer The reasons for the popularity of concrete are a) It can be rolled into any size shape with the help of a shadow. b) It is strong, sturdy and lasting. c) Pressure tolerance is more. d) Do not easily fire. e) It is resistant to noise, heat and moisture. 3) What kinds of concrete are they Answer There are four kinds of concrete. Namely- a) Lime Concrete b) Cement concrete c) R. C. Reinforced Cement Concrete d) Pre-Stressed Concrete 4) Write different types of concrete elements Answer Different types of concrete material are different. Various kinds of concrete elements are mentioned here. a) Lime concrete lim

VT is used for filling sand-lands. Namely Fine sand Medium sand Coarse sand  Fine sand The type of sand 16 (A.T.T.), which does not leave any remaining, is called fine sand. Usually this type of sand is used for the plaster.  2. Fine sand There is no residual of running No. 8 (A.T.T.M), which is called medium sand. Usually this sand is used to make spices for mantle work. In our country this type of sand is called a local sand.  3. Coarse sand No. 4 (A.T.T.M) is not left to run in the open, they are called thick sand. This sand is more suitable as a concrete finite aggregate. Our country is known as thick sand syli Bali. Unproductive sand is usually called good sand, like foam, fossil, silt, salt etc. This kind of sandal and silt can be in sand and sand. For this reason, the sand should be well-fed before using the construction work. The best ways to know the sand are mentioned below - For the construction, the thick sand fm 1.5 to 3 and the chicon sand fm 0.8 to 1 is remarkable. The

The loose material made by the sand quartz grain (sand grain), such as the delta or sandstones. Sand granules are mostly silicon, but sometimes chuny, gypsum-rich or originally volcanic. Because the sandstones are mainly produced by the quartz, pelted rocks, or due to the crystalline rocks, their size ranges from 0.05 to 2.00 millimeters. After the scattering of the rock, the balikanas are mainly transported by water, glacier or air. The amount of girl child in different types of soil is different. There is a maximum amount of silica in gross balloons but there is potassium, calcium and phosphorus in fine clay. In the category of Soil particles, according to the USDA system, the thick, thin, medium, refined and sub-climax ranges range from 1.00 to 2.00, 0.10 to 0.50, 0.25 to 0.50, 0.10 to 0.25 And 0.05 to 0.10 mm. But in the international classification of the soil particles, the girl is divided into two groups, namely - gross (0.20 to 2.00 millimeters) and fine (0.02 to 0.20 millimete

Testing and maintenance of cement foaming machines Cement foam machines are widely applied in our manufacturing and living, but many people do not pay attention to the detection and maintenance of machines, also do not tell much about the knowledge and maintenance of knowledge, let's concentrate on these knowledge details.1. Check the hydraulic material of the cement foaming machine. Due to the complexity of equipment, we recommend that experts conduct inspection and treatment of hydraulic systems with experience. If the fault is found, check before an operation and repair the entire loop. - Oil is retrieved and the reasons for leak are doped. - Safety valve, hydraulic system, check the steel pipe and hose, accessories, oil cylinder, and any wear and crack (pipe explosion can have very serious consequences) - Check the pipeline from the relief valve from the cylinder entrance so that no external discharge or vomiting is confirmed due to the impact and wear and the integrity of the

Manufacture of cement There are generally two processes adopted for manufacturing cement in Bangladesh namely. 1.Wet process. 2.Dry process. Wet process : The manufacture of cement by this process is divided into three stages: 1. Prepaeation of cement slurry. 2.TO obtain cement clinkers. 3.To prepare cement. In the first, the raw materials are mixed together. Generally 3 volumes of calcareous materials are mixed with 1 volume of argillaceous materials. After mixing the materials are crushed in a crushing machine. The crushed materials are put into a wash will where they are finely grounded with addition of requisite quantity of water. The quantity of water used in the wet process is round about 45 present. The grinding of the materials in the wash mail should be such that about 80 to 85 present should pass through no 200 sieve. The mixture now exists a complete homogeneous condition of suspension in water. Such an intimate mixture is termed as slurry. This slurry is sufficiently liqui

Functions of Various Ingredients of Cement 1.Lime : Lime plays a very important role on the quality of cement because it forms about 63 percent of cement. To from the required silicates and aluminated of calcium, a sufficient quantity of lime must be present. A deficiency in lime reduces the strength of cement and causes it to set quickly. On the otherhand , and excess will make cement unsound and cause its to expand and disintegrate. 2.Silica : Sufficient quantity of silica should be present in cement to dicalcium and tricalcium silicate. Silica imparts strength to cement and usually present to the extent of about 30 present cement. 3.Alumina : It   impartes quick setting property to cement, clinkering temperature is lowered by the presence of requisite quantity of a alumina. But an excess of alumina weakens the cement. 4.Magnesia : Magnesia should not be present more than 2 present in cement. An excess is harmful and will reduce the strength of cements. 5.Iron oxide : It impart

CEMENT C ement is a cementing or   binding material used in engineering construction. It is manufactured from calcareous substance and is similar in many respects to the strongly hydraulic limes but possessing far greater hydraulic properties. Cement differs from lime in many respects . . cement is vary useful and superior   to lime under the following conditions and requirements. 1. For construction of structures in wet places and under water. 2. Where great strength and durability of structures are required. 2. Where mortar or plaster has to set quick and attain its strength. 4. Where hard surface is required for the protection of exposed surfaces of structures against the destructive agents of the weather   and certain organic or inorganic of chemicatls. 5.For water tightness of structure. 6. For decorative omamental and pointing works. There are two classes of cements: Natural cement and artificial cement. Natural cement : This is manufactural by buring   and   crushing to powder

LIMESTONE L ime is a more or  less impure calcium oxide (CaO) and obtained by the alcination. Lime acts as a binding or cementing material in engineering constructions. Uses of lime : Lime is used for the following purposes. 1. White washing. 2.lime punning. 3. making mortar. 4.making concrete. 5.Manufacturing cement. Technical Terms : To understand the manufacturing process of lime the following technical terms are to be understood thoroughly. Calcination: This is the heating of limestone to redness in air. Quick lime or caustic lime : This is the lime  immediately after calcination of limestone. Slaking :When water is poured on quick lime it gives rise to heat due to certain chemical reactions and this process is termed as slacked or hydration. Slaked lime : The substance left slaking of quick lime is called slaked lime or hydrate of lime. Setting : when lime is mixed with water to from a paste it hardens and this process is called setting or hardening of lime. Hydraulicity : Thi

Varieties of refractory Bricks There are mainly three varieties of refractory bricks, namely: 1.Acid refractories; 2.Basic refractories; and 3.Neutral refractories. (1) Acid Refractories: Following are the different types of acid refractories: (a) Ordinary fine bricks: These are made of ordinary natural fire clay with a mixture of crushed flin clay and sand. They provide very good type of acid refractory lining to furnaces. They can resist a high temperature of 1600 (b) Silica bricks: They contain 95% of silica and are manufactured from sandstones or quartzite with an addition of 2 to 3% of lime to act as a binding material and flux. Silica bricks are quite suitable for acid lining of furnaces such as manufacture of glass and also for the walls and arches of basic openhearth steel furnaces. They can resist a high temperature of 2000 (C) Ganister Bricks : They manufactured from the silicious variety of ganister rock containing 85% of silica and 10% clay with an addition of 2% of lime. T

Definition:  Refractories are constructional materials which must their duties at high temperature. Hence, they must have a high fusion point. The clay which is used for manufacturing refractories and refractory linings is called fire clay. This type of clay can resist high temperature without melting or becoming soft. Use of Refractories:  They are used in building works for setting stones in ovens and fire places. They are used for the manufacture of fire bricks and chimney posts. They are also used as lining of sand melting furnace of glass factory and iron-ores melting furnaces in steel plant. Fire bricks are used for the construction of boilers, combustion chambers and chimney flues.                                                               Refractories and Other Ceramics  Composition of Fire Clays:  Fire clay should contain a higher percentage of silica and alumina and very small quantity of lime and magnesia, iron oxide and Alkalies. Silica (Sio2) becomes soft at about 2800

T iles are than slabs made of clay burnt in kiln. They are used for flooring walling and drainage purposes. Tiles  require more care in manufacture than bricks ,as from their greater delicacy they are more liable to deformation. The clay should be much stronger than that of bricks. Classification: The following are the various types of tiles according to the purpose they serve: Roofing tiles: There are various types of roofing tiles of which plain tiles, pot tiles and pan tiles are most common in use. ROOFING TILES Plain tiles: They are hand maked  tiles from clay. They are glazed to prevent the absorption of water. They are provided with to small projections beneath the top edge to facilitate fixing against roof battens. ROOFING TILES Pot tiles : They are mode by hand on a potter’s wheel. They are hollow, half round and tapering in shape. The length varies  from 10’’ to 12’’ on and the diameier  is generally kept 6’’ on one side and 5’’ on and the otherbside. The thickness is gene

The following are the important building stone available in Bangladesh. 1.Granite: This is a crystalline variety of igneous Rock. It is very heavy  and strong. It weighs 170 Ib per cu.ft. and the sp. Gravity  is  about 2.7. The crushing strength of good granite is about 1,800 tons per sq. ft.  Granite is used for works requiring great strength and durabikity  and also for  omamental and monumental works and also for inscription purposes. It is also used when the stone is subjected to abrasion like paving blocks ,road metals, etc. It is comparatively a costly stone due to high cost involved in its cutting and dressing. It is a small quantities in Sylhet and Chittagong. 2.Trap: It is an amorphous variety of igneous Rock.it is very strong, hard and durable. It weighs about 175Ibs per cu.ft. and sq. gravity is 2.85 and possesses a crushing strength of about 1,000 tons per sq. ft. This is suitable for ordinary building works  road construction. Its deposites in Bangladesh are very rare. It

A bout 200 minerals have been recognized by the chemists and geologists but a few of them have got engineering application. The following are the important rock forming minerals. 1. Silica: Quartz is a pure Silica. It is undaffected by weathering. Its colour may be white, grey, pink, purple or yellowish. Streak is white. No cleavage, luster is vitreous and the structure is granular. It is hard and specific gravity is 2.66. It is used in the manufacture of bricks, ceramics, glass, concrete, mortar, plaster, etc.  2. Feldspars: Contains Silica, Alumina, Potassium, Sodium or Calcium, Generally two types: (a) Potash Feldspars: Also known as orthoclause. It contains Potassium, Alumina and Silica. Its colour is white, reddish, grey, or grass. Streak is white 2 cleavage at 90 degree, luster is vitreous, granular in structure, very hard, sp. Gravity is 2.5 to 1.7. It is used in the manufacture of porcelain wares, glasses and also for glazing. (b) Lime-Soda Feldspars: Also known as plagiocl